![]() L-type calcium channel activation controls the in vivo transduction of the neuralizing signal in the amphibian embryos. Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis. Glia-derived signals induce synapse formation in neurones of the rat central nervous system. CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol. Elucidating the neuroscience of cancer, which calls for interdisciplinary collaboration among the fields of neuroscience, developmental biology, immunology and cancer biology, may advance effective therapies for many of the most difficult to treat malignancies. Such cross-talk among the nervous system, immune system and cancer-both systemically and in the local tumour microenvironment-regulates pro-tumour inflammation and anti-cancer immunity. Additionally, indirect interactions occur at a distance through circulating signals and through influences on immune cell trafficking and function. Neurons and glial cells communicate directly with malignant cells in the tumour microenvironment through paracrine factors and, in some cases, through neuron-to-cancer cell synapses. Interactions between the nervous system and cancer occur both in the local tumour microenvironment and systemically. ![]() Just as the nervous system can regulate cancer progression, cancer also remodels and hijacks nervous system structure and function. Various preclinical models in a range of malignancies have demonstrated that nervous system activity can control cancer initiation and powerfully influence cancer progression and metastasis. Parallel to roles in development, the nervous system is emerging as a critical regulator of cancer, from oncogenesis to malignant growth and metastatic spread. ![]() The nervous system regulates tissue stem and precursor populations throughout life. ![]()
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